Let X be a non-singular complex projective variety. For each k, the Hodge decomposition gives
H2k(X,Q)⊗C=p+q=2k⨁Hp,q(X).
A Hodge class is an element of H2k(X,Q)∩Hk,k(X). The conjecture states that every Hodge class is a Q-linear combination of the cohomology classes of algebraic subvarieties of X.