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NP versus BQP

Determine whether NP⊆BQP\mathsf{NP}\subseteq\mathsf{BQP}; equivalently, whether an NP-complete decision problem has a polynomial-time bounded-error quantum algorithm.

Source-reported statusAs of 2026-09-04Source & evidence ↓

Problem statement

Determine whether NP⊆BQP\mathsf{NP}\subseteq\mathsf{BQP}; equivalently, whether an NP-complete decision problem has a polynomial-time bounded-error quantum algorithm.

Lean 4

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Background

No NP-complete problem is known to be in BQP, and none is proved to lie outside it. The conjectural answer is that quantum computers cannot efficiently solve every NP problem, but this is an unrelativized containment question, not a theorem about generic search alone.

What is known: Bennett–Bernstein–Brassard–Vazirani establish black-box lower bounds, including the Ω(M)\Omega(\sqrt{M}) quantum-query cost of searching MM unstructured possibilities, matching Grover's algorithm. Their oracle results give evidence against the containment. They do not rule out algorithms exploiting the structure of SAT or other NP-complete problems; an oracle-query lower bound is not an ordinary running-time lower bound.

A resolution would distinguish quantum speedups for structured problems from efficient solution of all efficiently checkable search problems. Related: A1, A15.

Progress & source assessment

Source catalogue review: 4 September 2026. Improved indicates partial progress, including qualified preprint claims.

References
  1. [1]Bennett, Bernstein, Brassard & Vazirani, 'Strengths and weaknesses of quantum computing', SIAM J. Comput. 26 (1997) link

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